From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Cullinane, M. Patrick. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. AHistory of American Magazines. TR Center - From the Cape to Cairo - Theodore Roosevelt Center British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. China peeps over the wall. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). He talks to each student separately and tells them that he is sure that they shared answers, but he cannot be sure who copied from whom. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Pages. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. Colonists--British--1900-1910. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. [1] [2] The project was never completed. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. [Read Online]. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built, U.S.S. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. Explain the message of this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. English. In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. Illus. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Co., Puck Bldg. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Reference staff can - Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific,published originally inPeace Review10:3, pp. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. David Ewing Duncan is the author of seven books including the worldwide bestseller Calendar. Source: Library of Congress. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. The caption is ominous: War on Earth. The foothold in the Philippines brought China within reach. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. 3, pp. Orig. Title from item. Treaty of Versailles - Cartoon Analysis (Guillotine) - YouTube But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. - Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. He has been a contributing editor to Wired, Discover . Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Purpose In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. Is the item digitized? Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. A year later, Judge magazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.. 377. Source:Library of Congress. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled Civilization with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled Barbarism. Rus. In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. Commodore Deweys victory in Manila Bay in May not only paved the way for U.S. conquest of the Philippines, but also provided a valuable naval base for U.S. fleets in the Pacific. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. (ISSN 1961-9898). The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. Includes bibliographical references and index. In the popular imagination the Cape-to-Cairo railway of the future presented itself as a continuous line of railway . Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. Lucky Filipinos.Life, May 3, 1900. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Weber, Mark. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. 83-108 (2006). - China in Convulsion. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Cape to Cairo Railway Source:Wikimedia. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. 8, No. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. site.). The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. Klein, Thoralf. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Shortly after Kiplings poem appeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Link to other styles, U.S. President - 1st Term (September 1901-February 1905), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). This ca. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. John Bull Good 'evins! Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Daggett, Aaron Simon. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages of LAssiette au Beurre to call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). Source: Bibliothque nationale de France. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Keppler, U. J. From the Cape to Cairo by Ewart S. Grogan | Goodreads the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. Bello, Walden. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) This political cartoon was drawn by Edward Linley Sambourne and was published in the 10 December 1892 edition of Punch magazine, appearing beside an article from The Times about a Rhodes plan to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints 367-373 (1998). Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. and Distributor, 2004). Source:Library of Congress. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature - YouTube The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. The Rhodes Colossus - Striding from Cape Town to Cairo When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. title not id. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. 62, Issue 4,pp. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont , The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization. Udo Keppler,Puck, January 12, 1898. Photograph. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) American ships for American commerce!!. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. The laudatory rhetoric and imagery of a white mans burden and civilizing mission received a sharp rejoinder in a cartoon published by Life in April, 1901 under the title March of the Strenuous Civilization. In this sardonic rendering of the realities of imperialist expansion, a missionary leads the charge holding a Missionary Ledger. Immediately behind him march a sword-brandishing sailor carrying loot and a rifle-bearing soldier carrying booty. Science comes next, clutching lyddite, a high explosive first used by the British in the Boer War. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. He was also a collector of . Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. Several of these graphics from Puck commented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling). Victor Gillam,Judge, April 1, 1899. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the event surrounding the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (after WW1). PDF Social Darwinism ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. 730-735 (2008). On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. The White (!) With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. Imperial Mission: The Air Route to Cape Town 1918-32 - JSTOR It Ought to be a Happy New Year. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Ewart S. Grogan and Arthur H. Sharp. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Expert Help. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. Does the artist portray imperialism in a positive or negative light? All are erstwhile British soldiers. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least.